Xylella Marches On: Lethal Olive Disease Discovered in Central Spain

Summary

Xylella fas­tidiosa, a plant bac­terium native to Central America, is con­tin­u­ing to kill olive trees in Italy and is spread­ing across the Mediterranean basin, with reports of infected trees in Spain and France. The bac­terium, which was intro­duced into Europe via trop­i­cal plants from Central America, has the poten­tial to dev­as­tate olive-pro­duc­ing regions in Italy and beyond, lead­ing to a drop in olive oil pro­duc­tion world­wide.

Xylella fas­tidiosa, a plant bac­terium native to Central America that causes seri­ous, often lethal, plant dis­eases con­tin­ues to kill tens of thou­sands of olive trees in south Italy’s Puglia region and it is also on track to widen its deadly clasp across the Mediterranean basin.

New reports this spring from Italy and Spain are grim. Spanish author­i­ties this month reported that an olive tree on its main­land has been iden­ti­fied with the bac­terium.

Spanish sci­en­tists pre­vi­ously had iden­ti­fied the Xylella dis­ease in olive trees on the island of Mallorca, said Alexander Purcell, a Xylella expert at the University of California at Berkeley who has been track­ing the dis­ease since the 1970s.
See Also:Xylella World Map

“Subsequently other strains of Xylella fas­tidiosa were found in all of the other Balearic Islands, indi­cat­ing that the bac­terium must have been inde­pen­dently intro­duced at least sev­eral times,” he said in an email.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food and Environment told Europa Press, a Spanish news agency, that Xylella had been iden­ti­fied at an estate out­side Madrid.

At press time, Spanish min­istry offi­cials had not responded to a request for details and com­ment from Olive Oil Times.

The trou­bling news isn’t lim­ited to Spain. The bac­teri­um’s progress may be infect­ing olive trees in France, too.

Earlier this month, Corsica’s chap­ter of the Interprofessional Union of Oleiculturists declared that olive trees on the French island are infected with Xylella.

In 2015, French offi­cials reported find­ing Xylella fas­tidiosa in Corsica and also in orna­men­tal plants in the French Riviera, but that the bac­terium had not begun to infect olives, Purcell said.

Back in the epi­cen­ter of the cri­sis, Italy’s region of Puglia, the num­ber of infected trees con­tin­ues to grow.

On April 4, Italy’s state news agency, ANSA, reported a qua­dru­pling of infected trees in a crit­i­cal con­tain­ment zone north of the flat­land of the Salento where Xylella first made its deadly impact, lay­ing waste to exten­sive tracts of olive groves.

Springtime is a crit­i­cal period to com­bat and mon­i­tor Xylella. These are the months when the bac­terium grows in the main insect vec­tor — the native spit­tle­bug — and devel­ops on weeds, Purcell said.

Eliminating weeds or using insec­ti­cides can pre­vent the matur­ing of spit­tle­bugs into adults, the stage at which they fly and carry the bac­terium to other trees.

Puglia, as has become cus­tom­ary, is again the scene of olive tree destruc­tion. Crews are cut­ting down even more olive trees.

The con­tain­ment zone, for now, encom­passes an area known as the Valle d’Itria, a lush agri­cul­tural region famous for its ancient stone struc­tures, the trulli.

The bac­terium has the poten­tial to spread from the Valle d’Itria into the Piana degli Olivi Millenari, an exten­sive coastal plain and home to some of the old­est olive trees in Puglia. The con­cern is that its dev­as­tat­ing path will con­tinue to march through Italy and into other olive-pro­duc­ing regions of the Boot and fur­ther afield.

Xylella was intro­duced into Europe via trop­i­cal plants brought from Central America. Investigators believe the bac­terium was spread through Holland’s flower mar­kets and wound up flour­ish­ing in olives near Gallipolli, a port town in the Salento region.

Xylella has been blamed for attack­ing cit­rus and cof­fee in Brazil, grape and Asian pear in Taiwan and grape, almond, and alfalfa crops in California, Purcell said.

The out­break of Xylella con­tributed last year to a world­wide drop in olive oil pro­duc­tion, accord­ing to the International Olive Council.

• Europa Press


• Phys.org